Technological Frontier Essays - Digital Media, Technology, Computing

Technological Frontier Technological Frontier America has been a country full of optimism, perseverance, and freedom of ideas and beliefs. The frontier- a mental or physical area where much remains to be done- is a belief that has and still propels and influences America today. The technological frontier is probably the most influenced by the frontier belief. There is always room for better in technology. The technological advancements in the past 50 years outnumber the amount advancements from the beginning of time up to 50 years ago. Technological advancements have made it easier to for humans to live and adapt to their universe. Technology has expanded exponentially from the beginning of time until the 90's. In the 90's technological advancements have taken off at a higher exponential rate. For every frontier that appears to be complete, a new frontier has opened up and is unsolved. The frontier consists of branches that have branches themselves, resembling a tree. The frontier is far from ending, if there is an ending. During this rapid technological advancement period where we are trying to fulfill that long-term, near perfect technology, there have been short-term constraints in technology that have and will continue to open new branches in technology. Engineers have been trained to discover new technologies that enhance human life by designing new products and things that make life easier and safer for everyone. Engineers are obligated to use their skills, intelligence and apply their knowledge to promote human welfare. An example of this has been the advancement of communications. Instead of sending a letter to a family member or loved one by pony express, now one can send mail in just seconds through e-mail. This technological advancement makes it easier and better to communicate that is satisfying to humans. These advancements in the long term will have small constraints, but in the short term there're broader constraints and limits. Email about five years ago could only be accessed through internet service providers such as: AOL, Prodigy, CompuServe, TexasNet, and institution accounts. Now email can be retrieved and sent over the internet without having these big name internet service providers. There are now services like Yahoo, Hotmail, Rocketmail, and Juno that offer free email accounts over the web for any one. Within the past few years, technology has allowed email users to send voice and video emails, which was impossible before. Email still has delays ranging from a few seconds to a few minutes when you send your email over the internet. Ideally, these delays still represents a very fast relay suitable for all practical purposes in email. Email can have more of a real time relay in the future. There is also the possibility of your email not reaching its destination, which we all have experienced at one time. Now we see less and less of our email not reaching our destination with the improvements of transmission lines. Higher bandwidths in these transmission lines allow for higher memory capabilities in our email. Email in the long run will be near a more real time instantaneous speed with the capability of higher memory. The frontier myth can be seen from the beginning technological advancement of communications. In 1837, while working independently from one another Samuel F. B. Morse and the two British engineers Sir William Cook and Sir Charles Wheatstone developed a method of sending an electronic message over a distance of several miles almost instantaneously. The implications of this development were enormous. For the first time in history, human beings had the means to overcome the obstacles imposed upon communications by vast distances. A "Virtual world" of human communications had just been born that was much smaller and could potentially be much more closely knit together than the "real" world. Though the concept of virtual place and time would not become part of the terminology of human thinking for almost another 150 years, the foundations were laid with this invention. It is significant that during this same period we were making rapid progress in conquering distance and time in the real world with advances in the steam engines, which powered ships and railroad locomotives. America's telegraph network grew up with and was often found alongside the rapidly developing network of railroad lines that began to tie the various corners of our nation together. The frontier myth influenced the expansion of communications into another frontier, telecommunications. While working on a device to enable hearing impaired individuals to hear sound in 1877, Alexander Bell developed a communications device that was to eventually be introduced into almost every American home and become available to nearly everyone worldwide. The

Emily Dickenson Essays

Emily Dickenson Essays Emily Dickenson Essay Emily Dickenson Essay Generally, Emily Dickensonâ„ ¢s works are very distinct and recognisable. Dickenson uses erratic punctuation and tends to focus her themes on dark, depressing topics that explore the moment death and the after life. This is evident in poems such as The Soul has Bandaged moments. However, Dickenson has a lighter side which enabled her to produce several definition poems that attempt to describe intangible things through the use of metaphor like Hope is the thing with Feathers and joyous poems that express her love of nature and buoyant states of mind. An example would be I taste a Liquor never brewed. This style she used appealed to me much more than her macabre poems. The Soul has Bandaged moments explores the periods that are faced by the soul. But the soul may be a comparison for her physiological state of mind. There is many comparisons in this poem fright fulfilment, depression happiness, freedom restraint, hope despair. The poem is divided into three sections each containing two stanzas. The first stanza suggests that the soul is hurt, fragile or restricted when she says it has bandaged moments. A Fright is introduced that violates the soul and paralyses the vulnerable, soul with dread. This Ghastly Fright may be seen a death, the freezing hair indicates the chill of fear death brings and its coldness. The conflict between the fright and the lover can be seen as any of the conflicts mentioned above. The third and forth stanza break free of the atmosphere of threat and dread. It now suggests an image of freedom, fulfilment and warmth. Verbs like dances and swings describe carefree activities, while bursting and bomb indicates energy and excitement. The image of the delirious bee, completely fulfilled, coming out from the rose over all sums up the feeling of joy in this part of the poem. But this escape is short lived, its temporary. The Horror welcomes the soul again. The last two stanzas could be characterised by feelings of imprisonment, by words such as Felon and shackes. In the poetâ„ ¢s opinion this experience of depression is one that should not be spoken of, making it lonely and isolating. Not brayed of Tougue

The Support of Smoking Bans in ALL Public Places Essay

The Support of Smoking Bans in ALL Public Places - Essay Example This report approves that while there have been more restrictions places on cigarette advertisements in recent years, by using product placement in films, tobacco companies can still subtly promote their wares to the public, many of whom are children. The depiction of smoking or the presence of tobacco products needs to be eliminated from any media outlet that is designed to reach children and young adults. Smoking is a global phenomenon. Humans have been consuming tobacco smoke for millennia. But in a modern society where the health risks and negative social consequences of smoking are more, smoking has no place in the public lives of our citizens. Smoking should be banned from all public places. This essay makes a conclusion that smoking should be banned from public places because it is addictive. By allowing smoking in public, our society is implicitly stating that smoking is really acceptable, or that it is a matter of personal choice. By banning smoking from public, our society will state that smoking is something that should not be done in a public place because of the damage it inflicts on our society and the health of individuals. A full ban on smoking in all places is necessary, not a partial or piecemeal ban. The health of workers in all public places needs to be protected. It would not be fair to force some workers to work in environments where second hand smoke is present, while protecting other workers from this same risk. The law must be uniform to ensure the health and safety of all workers and patrons alike.

Tennessee and Progressivism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Tennessee and Progressivism - Essay Example In 1892, Knights of Labor, Farmers’ Alliance, and National Colored Farmers’ Alliance formed the Populists, people’s party. In the same year, African-American journalist Ida B. Wells-Barnett criticizes lynching and advocates for an end to racial discrimination in her passionate writing. In 1894, Booker T. Washington proposed that the state makes social equality and civil rights of blacks as important as economic advancement. Spanish-American war resulted into creation of National Consumers League. In 1909, liberal whites and African Americans formed a national association that advocated the advancement of colored people (NAACP). The association aimed at promoting racial justice, as well as civil rights. Similarly, Dr. Charles A. Eastman and others formed Society of American Indians organization to advocate Indians rights. The year 1912 saw establishment of US Children’s Bureau. The final landmark in the social justice came in 1920 when the Nineteenth Amendm ent guaranteed the right to vote to women (Sarat and Thomas 364). Notably, the struggle to ratify the nineteenth amendment began in

Hsc module c Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hsc module c - Essay Example It is imperative to recognize that different countries have varied political structures. Therefore, people are represented differently in different countries. In essence, it is essential to study the politics of different nations to identify the dynamisms in politics. The society is usually stratified into political, socio-cultural and economic aspects. The socio-cultural aspect entails the people’s way of life and the organization of social institutions. The economic aspect is concerned about the people’s source of livelihood. The primary focus in the economic division is how people earn a living. Finally, the political organ deals with leadership and administration of services in the country. In essence, the political organ affects the operation of the other divisions and, therefore, emerges as a sensitive aspect (Reynolds, 2000). Apparently, all people cannot be involved directly in leadership and, therefore, representatives have to be chosen from the general population. Essentially, there exist numerous ways that can be used to choose political leaders from the general population. For instance, the leaders are chosen through elections or appointments. The Australian government operates a democratic government where all eligible candidates are offered a level ground to participate in the country’s leadership. In most case, people representation in politics is facilitated by the general elections. In this case, the citizens are allowed to participate in the general elections and elect leaders of their choice. The elected leaders become representatives of the common citizens in the political arena. All the political decisions made by the elected and appointed members reflects on the ideas of the general population of the country. Therefore, the elected leaders act as the custodians of the interests of t he local people and thereby their actions significantly influence the operations of

Broadview Ltd vs Andrea Leadsom Analysis

Broadview Ltd vs Andrea Leadsom Analysis Broadview Energy Developments Ltd Vs Secretary Of State for Communities and Local Government and Others [2016] EWCA Civ 562 Court of Appeal, Civil Division Presiding Judges: Longmore, Lewison, McCombe LJJ Between: BROADVIEW ENERGY DEVELOPMENTS LIMITED (Claimant Appellant) and 1)THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR COMMUNITIES AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT 2)SOUTH NORTHAMPTONSHIRE DISTRICT COUNCIL 3) HELMDON STUCHBURY GREATWORTH WIND FARM ACTION GROUP (Defendants and Respondents) MATERIAL FACTS Broadview is an independent renewable energy company which sought permission for development of wind farm for renewable energy, South Northampton shire district council refused to allow in November 2011(at 2). Broadviews appeal to planning inspectorate and was successful through public inquiry, granting it permission, in May 2012. (at2). The third defendant, the windfarm Action group (HSGWAG), challenged the decision, thus rendering it quashed by justice Mackie Qc in the High Court; resultantly, the issue was remanded for redetermination to the planning inspectorate awaiting a new recommendation (at3). During second public enquiry parties made representations between 8 to 24th October 2013 and on 11th oct 2013 Mr. Eric Pickles, the secretary of state decided to take the matter to his consideration on grounds that it involved a renewable energy case(at3). Second inspector recommended to grant the permission of farms on 14 Apr 2014 relying upon the balance of outnumbering benefits and minute adversities of the wind farm(at4). Delays were faced in Secretary of States decision; a reason being consultation on court of appeals decision in a different case that could subsequently render a fresh interpretation of section 66(1) of act 1990 (at5). Contrary to planning inspectors recommendation, the planning permission was refused by the decision letter of Secretary of State, dated 22 Dec 2014(at6). Mr. pickles had delegated the task to Mr. Kris Hopkins, the parliamentary undersecretary of state. Mr. Hopkins credits Mr. pickle for the choice of refusal of planning permission as deemed fit acc ording to where the balance of perks and adversities fall, alongside its conflict with development plan, accompanied by shortcoming on statutory requirements and numerous elements of national planning policy(at7). MP Mrs. Andrea Leadsoms badgering and active lobbying in opposition to the wind farms became grounds for Broadviews further appeal on 28th Jan 2015, (at89). She even successfully campaigned for the Secretary of State to call in the application (at 8). As per facts Mrs. Leadsoms tea room conversation with Mr. Hopkins in 2013 coupled with their numerous oral and written correspondences and the lobby room became basic grounds of appeal on fairness of decision and possible bias. Throughout this time, Broadview kept trying to seek a meeting and later on made a freedom of information request to get to know the status of correspondences (ibid) (at10). This was state of evidence for Broadviews application to quash Mr. Hopkins decision(ibid). The planning court rejected the claims of Broadview and hence their appeal(at11) Qs / LAW ISSUES 1) duty of fairness owed by political decision-makers in the context of an application for planning permission. 2) how the Secretary of State should deal with representations from the local Member of parliament. DECISION Unanimously, lord justice Longmore(at38), Lewison(at39) and McCombe(at40); the court appraised and upheld the decision of Cranston Justice, the judge in the second planning court. Hence, dismissing Broadviews appeal. DETAILED REASONS FOR THE DECISION The gist of Cranston Js judgement was based on his personal experience, and stood that meeting of the MP with a minister was not of any length and part and parcel of her role, being a representative of a certain area(at17). Wrong to conclude anything biased or sinister (at1718). R (Alconbury) Vs Secretary of State for Environment [2003] affirmed that a MP contacting Minister regarding a planning issue was inevitable (at18). Ministers are bound to abide by Planning Property Guidance (at18). The judgement comprises of three notions: (1) Broadview was aware of advancements by objectors (2) Letter received after close of enquiry lacked fresh material (3) Correspondences raised no new issues therefore it was satisfactory to deem that response would be similar(at1920). The judge concluded that there had been no evidence to support the contention that the decision was vitiated, provided, Broadview had failed to provide evidence to authenticate its stance of bias, unfairness or material brea ch of planning property standards; therefore, Broadviews allegations failed. Lord Justice Longmore comments in the judgement starting by affirming that Mr. Hopkins did not differ from inspector on any question of fact material or take account of new evidence therefore liability to inform inspector did not arise. Moreover, giving a chance for both parties to be heard is obligatory and this liability to inform other party to comment on a representation made is defined in rules laid down in in Errington Vs Minister of Health (1935) and also in the rule enshrined in Latin phrase audi alterampartem(at25). Minister did not entertain any privately made representations. Preventing the proceeding from being subverted by use of rule quoted above, it is a required measure to not call parties for cross-questioning on every representation, especially when they are repetitive. Moreover, a technical breach of para 4 of Guidance is likely but not a breach of rules of natural Justice; case law of Fox Land Vs SSCLG (2014) shedding light on the particular angle of the issue(at2 6). His Lordship states that it is easier to ascertain the written representations, and the content of those written correspondences make it clear that the oral ones where merely the same as they were being referred to in the subsequent letters. His Lordship further contended that he did not concur about Cranston Js belief of talk between MP and Minister to be merely a part and parcel. He argued that MP doesnt hold a different position then of any parties involved(at29). His lordship considers the possibility of Mr. Hopkins abiding by audi alteram partem prinzep and then justifies how the chronology of events render it improper to conclude that Mr. Hopkins would have had any effect of indulging in the tea room conversation and thus a mere technical breach subsequently could not make any difference to ultimate decision(at30). The court will not enquire into likelihood of prejudice in case decision-maker receives are representation in privacy established in R Vs Sussex Justices ex parte M cCarthy (1924). Case law from Kanda Vs Government of the Federation of Malaya (1962) further cemented the stance with the example of police constable not awarded a chance to comment on allegations on him (at31). His lordship furthers his stance by saying that usually in such cases, court readily opts to assess the representations made, although the courts have discretion, but in my view, it should not have been exercised in current scenario(at32). By end of July 2014 Broadview had their freedom of information request granted, however, it was highly unlikely that Broadview would had been successful in invoking court to take matter out of hands of the Parliament entrusted decision-makers: Mr. Hopkins and Mr. Pickles (at33). Lobby Badgering had no effect on the decision as the matter was already decided. Moreover, miss Leadsoms attempt was to merely know the decision rather diverting it in certain direction(at34). Thus, Longmore concluded the events not such to justify quashing of decision (at35). He further clarifies that it was Ministerial responsibility that the respected decision-makers abided by in deciding the finely balanced matter (at36). He also signifies the need of Ministers to avoid Lobbying and concludes that any blatantly ignorant accusations of bias would be clarified under light of Magill Vs Porter(at37). For these reasons, he dismissed the appeal (at38). Lord Justice Lewison said that he agrees with Longmore LJs Judgement and also with additional observations of McCombe LJ, hence agrees for dismissal of appeal. Lord Justice McCombe agrees with Longmore on dismissal of this appeal, however, shows disagreement on certain areas(at40). According to him there was undoubtedly a breach of paragraph 4 of the Guidance by what appears to have occurred in the tea room conversation. If the chronology of events would have been otherwise, the lawfulness of this decision would have been in peril (at41). He also explains the significant breach of ordinary principals of fairness in English Law to support his stance (at42). He continues how one party should not have any advantage in manner not afforded to other interested party (at43). He argued over comment of part and parcel and defined fine lines between talks upon ordinary consistency matters and lobbying. In his final comments, concluding to the dismissal of appeal, he also emboldened the need of Ministers to adhere to ordinary laws of fairness and natural justice. RATIO DECIDENDI With respect to the allegation of bias made by Broadview, a fair-minded and informed observer would conclude that there had been no real possibility of ministerial bias in the present case. Further, there was simply no evidence to support the contention that the decision was vitiated by actual bias. Accordingly, Broadview had failed to establish that the ministerial decision against planning permission for its proposed wind farm had been unlawful through unfairness, bias or material breach of planning propriety standards (para21, Cranston J). I would therefore conclude that while the tea room conversation (and even the lobby badgering) should not have occurred and should have been cut off by Mr Hopkins more firmly than he may have done, those events are not such as to justify quashing the Secretary of States decision. (para 35, Lord Justice Longmore). I have had the advantage of reading in draft the judgments of Longmore and McCombe LJJ. I agree that the appeal should be dismissed for the reasons given by Longmore LJ. I also agree with the additional observations of McCombe LJ (at39 Lord Justice Lewison). On the facts of this case (in particular in the light of the chronology and the factors set out in paragraph 30 of my Lords judgment), however, this breach was not of sufficient moment to call for the quashing of the Secretary of States decision on the grounds of a breach of the principles of natural justice. Had the chronology been otherwise, and if the conversation had been more closely proximate in time to the decision taken, then it seems to me that the lawfulness of the decision might well have been in peril (para 41, McCombe). Representations which are essentially repetitive of submissions already made are rather different. In such case a court will more readily assess whether such repetitions really made a material contribution to the decision under challenge. If it concludes that they did not, the quashing of the ensuing decision should not follow. A court always has discretion as to remedy in public law and should, in my view, not exercise that discretion in the present case. (at Para 32) If a party to an inquiry or an objector seeks to bombard a minister with post-inquiry representations which are merely repetitive of the representations made at the inquiry itself and every time that happened the Minister was obliged to circulate the representatives for comment, the decision-making process could easily be subverted. (Longmore LJ at 26). When a Minister is involved in a quasi-judicial decision it is incumbent on him to make clear to any person who tries to make oral representations to him that he cannot listen to them (Longmore LJ at 28).

Comparing the Families in Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Az

Comparing the Families in Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban and Hoban’s The Mouse and His Child Creating â€Å"worlds of their own, with particular kinds of boundaries separating them from the larger world†, families ideally provide encouragement and protection for each of their members (Handel, xxiv). In J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, however, the Dursleys and Aunt Marge fail to fulfill their roles as Harry’s primary caregivers. In Russell Hoban’s The Mouse and His Child, the father mouse is unable to give his child all that he needs and longs for. In these two children’s stories, the expectation that families will provide physical support, emotional support, and encouragement for their children is not met. In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, the orphaned Harry is physically neglected by his only living relatives, the Dursleys. Harry’s Uncle Vernon, Aunt Petunia, and cousin Dudley think that by endorsing Harry’s non-existence in their lives, their fear of non-Muggles would disappear. Treating Harry like a wild animal, the frightened Dursleys physically confine Harry to their home and do not allowing their nephew any contact with the outside world. When Harry finally runs away from the Dursleys, he panics because his family never gives him Muggle money. While forcing Harry to stay indoors, the Dursleys also encourage Harry â€Å"to stay out of their way, which Harry [is] only too happy to do† (Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, 24). Shunning communication and distancing themselves physically from Harry, the Dursleys fail at being the loving family that Harry needs and craves. By giving Harry little to eat and old clothes to wear, the Dursleys contin ue to treat Harry as n... ...ting and abusing him. In The Mouse and His Child, the father mouse is fond of his little son, but he is inept at keeping his family of two stable. Being a passive and pessimistic parent, the father mouse, like Harry’s aunt and uncle, fail at providing the mouse child with physical support, emotional support, and moral encouragement. Although they are family, the Dursleys and the mouse father provide a dysfunctional setting for Harry and for the mouse child, forcing their children to grow up painfully faster. Works Cited Handel, G. Introduction to the first edition, 1967. In The Psychosocial Interior of the Family. Ed. G. Handel and G.G. Whitchurch. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1994. xxiii-xxx. Hoban, Russell. The Mouse and His Child. New York: Harper & Row, 1967. Rowling, J.K. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. Vancouver: Raincoast Books, 2000.

Today’s Prejudice Racial Discrimination in Everyday Life

| Does it Still Exist? : Racial Discrimination in Everyday Life| Submitted By: Humphrey Osei Owusu| | | | Jo-Anne MacLellan SEC A 1000 Tutorial #09 | In the 1920’s, restaurants in the United States were not the same as the restaurants we visit today. Certainly there were servers to serve food and beverages expecting a tip as usual, but that is not what is different. Look toward the window, there is a sign written in big letters: WHITES ONLY AT THIS POINT. During this time, signs granting access to whites were common, but what does this mean for the races that are not white?Whether one can admit it or say otherwise, racial discrimination will always be part of modern society. The world has faced the issues of discrimination ever since the beginning of time. Discrimination can be defined as the prejudicial treatment based off of different categories. These different categories apply to religion, race, sexuality and gender. Since the earth was formed, the world has been brought u p by race. After the discovery of race, the issues of discrimination start. An example of this is with the settlers of Europe.They looked down upon Native Americans as inferior to them. The Natives have been beaten and raped and forced to convert to Christianity by the force of Europeans. Still to this day we still struggle on the topic of discrimination. As mentioned earlier racial discrimination still exists, but we fail to realize that it is happening. Many people believe that discrimination has gotten better, but is it really? In the media, we hear reports about the treatment of minorities in the law. One race can be turned away for job even if they are more than qualified for the position.This paper will argue out of all minorities that experience discrimination, African-Americans experience it the worst. This paper will also explain that although individual discrimination is at a minimum, institutionalized discrimination still exists at an all-time high but heavily concealed. This paper will explore the means of affirmative action through the workforce and education system. It will also explain how people are unaware racial discrimination still exists in our education system, the workforce, and law enforcement What is institutionalized discrimination?Institutionalized discrimination is the indirect treatment of individuals by government, financial institution, schools, hospitals and other large organizations. This kind of treatment includes unfair distribution of rights or opportunities to a specific group. This kind of bias targets a race or religion and is part of the way society is structured. These kind of bias were not implemented by some bigot government, they are implemented by people who believe they are doing what they are instilled to do. But the fact of the matter is institutionalized discrimination has a negative effect on minorities who suffer it.Discrimination in the learning environment is more evident than ever. Education is not solely ba sed on learning, but it is based on social learning, life experience and decision making. Unfortunately for one that is discriminated against, they may value the purpose less than one that is not a victim of discrimination. There are many stories where discrimination against African American students occurred and its effects on them. Ruby Bridges, the first black child to enroll in an all-white elementary school, is a prime example of this.Ruby endured shouting crowds spouting death threats and derogatory names plus the other children wanting nothing to do with her, making her feel isolated. Another modern example of discrimination is the well-known story taking place in Kentucky of a white teacher addressing a black student by the n word causing the teacher to lose his job. The discrimination that is brought on by teacher sends the idea to African Americans that they are not welcome in the school. Because of their past negative experiences in school it causes African Americans to d o poor in school due to their lack of motivation.It is also proven that teachers are harsher with discipline on African American students, particularly harsh on boys. In 2012, the New York Times reported a study backing up that claim. The study consists on gathering statistics from 72,000 schools. After that, the results concluded that one in five black boys as well as one in five black girls were more likely to receive and out of school suspension than their white peers. These statistics are reasons why black students have lower scores in contrast to other races. Affirmative action is another policy of discrimination that is as controversial as racial discrimination.This was back in the 60s when black men and women were denied access into public bathrooms, restaurants and even drinking fountains. They were also denied opportunity for employment and education. The policy came in effect back in 1964 when Lyndon B Johnson signed the Civil Rights Acts of 1964. The motive behind this po licy is to try to eliminate discrimination as much as possible by giving women and minorities a chance. After a few decades, affirmative action plays a role in college acceptances and employment offers.However the objective is now changed from its initial intentions of equality to now seeking retribution from how blacks were treated. This is how affirmative action can now be interpreted as reverse discrimination. Reverse discrimination is a type of discrimination in a minority group is biased against a majority group. Imagine a white student, who is trying to get into an elite university. This student has a 4. 0 GPA and has all the qualifications into being admitted. On the other hand, there is a black student, trying to gain admission into the same school with a 2. 0 GPA.However here is a quota that needs to be filled and the percentage of white students is higher than the percentage of blacks and other minority. If the quota has not been filled, that means the black student gets a ccepted to the school while the black student does not, thanks to affirmative action. Just like with the education system, affirmative action was implemented for minorities to have equal opportunities. Perhaps in the past, Affirmative action was beneficial. But as of the present time, it seems to create more problems. The ones who are for affirmative action believe the purpose is to seek over compensation for inequality.However, affirmative action tends to do more bad than it supposed to be good. For starters, it leads minorities to believe that they don’t truly qualify for a job. Besides the skills but got it solely based on their race, leading to feelings of inadequacy. Another problem with affirmative action is that one who belongs into the majority is punished for something they have nothing to do with. The white man is responsible for the scrutiny blacks endured, but an individual white man is not. There should be no reason that an honest white man should not be punished for past grievances.Like the phrase says â€Å"two wrongs don’t make a right† The inequalities against racial minorities happen to be a thing of the past. It seems like a power trip for minorities to take advantage of this so called policy promoting equality. Racial discrimination is rampant all over the workplace. Surely it is not as extreme as it is from the 1960’s, but it is not ignored. In 1964, the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 is signed by then president Lyndon B Johnson. The act outlaws discrimination based on one’s skin color, religion or sex while protecting the rights of African Americans as well as other minorities.It created the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission. However according to statistics, it is been proven that 36 percent of minorities experience mistreatment due to their ethnicity. According to an article an example of racial discrimination on the job is can be based off a first name. An experiment done in Boston and Chicago deter mined the more â€Å"black† ones name sounded, the chances of getting a callback were slim. To prove this, researchers sent out resumes to possible employers. Despite being the exact resume, one copy had a â€Å"black† sounding name such as Lakisha, while another copy had a â€Å"white† sounding name such as Emily.This experiment determined that â€Å"Emily† had a 50 percent chance of getting a callback even with an interview included. Discrimination as unfair as someone’s name is often kept in the dark. No one would hear on the news reporting a case of discrimination against a name that is as ethnic sounding like â€Å"Lakisha†. But it epitomizes what is wrong with institutional discrimination. Names are chosen for different purposes. Some of those reasons can be for culture, meaning, uniqueness or simply because they like the name.A company should not turn away an applicant for a reason as arbitrary as their name. Therefore one should not bear the scrutiny of having a â€Å"black† sounding name. The use of racial discrimination and law enforcement is the most controversial subtopic out of all three and the most portrayed by the media that black males are usually the target. This is a strategic method police officers use to harass African Americans because of stereotypes associated to their race. This act, better known as racial profiling, is a method used to target individuals for suspicion base off of skin color.Most people are familiar with the scenario with an African-American male driving a luxury car. From the perspective of a police officer, this man does not look wealthy, he is not even wearing a business suit, and chances are his car is stolen. This kind of tactic is an injustice to society, an act of discrimination and it also goes against of the Bill of Rights stating free from cruel and unusual punishment. One of the famous accounts of racial profiling comes from the well-known, yet controversial ca se of the shooting of Trayvon Martin.An unarmed teenager victimized of racial profiling by the neighbourhood watchman targeting him of suspicious behaviour which after a confrontation eventually leads to Martin’s death. The case is a reminder that the world has not come a long way from racial profiling. This is an unarmed teen minding his own business, unfairly being labelled as a troublemaker or in the words of the shooter â€Å"up to no good† As much as it is claiming to be non-existent or a thing of the past, the evidence is placed right in front of our faces.I can recall a few times as a kid when I would step into a convenience store with the intention of buying an item, and being watched from the corner of the store clerk’s eye or being subtly followed as I am being unfairly labelled a perpetrator. In conclusion, part of the name of this paper is titled â€Å"Does it still exist? † a question which pertains to the topic of discrimination. Society has come a long way in comparison to society nearly one hundred years ago. But despite society’s changes the answer to that question is a definite yes..Racial discrimination, not only against African Americans, will always exist. It will always exist through institutionalized discrimination. Attempts can be made to lessen it, but it will always have its setbacks. Affirmative action is one of those setbacks, being disguised as a solution to racial inequality, but in actuality it should not be overly depended on. It is extremely hypocritical to claim that affirmative action promotes equality. When in actuality, the policy basically lowers standards for education and employment.Thereby giving an advantage to a minority group and that skin color is the reason why they have a college education or have a place in the workforce. Even though discrimination is wrong in the fields of education, the workforce and in law enforcement, it is still being practiced in certain countries. What I can take away from social science and race is that you cannot change the past but you can work on changing the future The source of discrimination is unknown, but as society continues to progress, the more open minded society becomes.One day, the future generation will learn not to judge whether one is good or bad based off of the color of their skin. Work Cited 1. Gerrard, Meg, Frederick X Gibbons, Ross E O'Hara, Ronald Simmons, and Chih-Yuan Weng. â€Å"Perceived Racial Discrimination as a Barrier to College Enrollment for African Americans. †Ã‚  Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin  (2010): 77-89. Proquest. Web. 19 Mar 2013. 2. Krysan, Maria, and Amanda Lewis. â€Å"THE UNITED STATES TODAY: Racial Discrimination Is Alive and Well. †Ã‚  M. E Sharpe Inc. 48. 3 (2005): 34-39. Print. 3. Barksy, Adam, , et al. Subtle Yet Significant: The Existence and Impact of Everyday Racial Discrimination in the Workplace. †Ã‚  SAGE journals. 56. 11 (2003): 1299-1324. Pr int. 4. Bertrand, Marianne, and Sendhil Mullainathan. â€Å"Are Emily and Greg More Employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination. †Ã‚  National Bureau of Economic Research. n. page. Print. 5. Sampson, William Alfred. â€Å"INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION. † Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society. 2008. SAGE Publications. 6 Aug. 2011. .

Top Causes of Lake Pollution

Top Causes of Lake Pollution In an extensive sampling effort, the Environmental Protection Agency, with the help of state and tribal agencies, coordinated water quality assessments for the country’s lakes. They evaluated 43% of the lake surface area or about 17.3 million acres of water. The study concluded that: Fifty-five percent of the study’s water acreage was judged to be of good quality. The other 45% had waters impaired for at least one type of use (for example as drinking water supply, for recreational fishing, swimming, or aquatic life support). When considering man-made lakes alone, the proportion that was impaired jumped to 59%.Water quality is sufficiently high to allow swimming in 77% of the waters assessed.Aquatic life was not supported adequately by 29% of lake waters.For 35% of the lake waters surveyed, fish consumption was not recommended. For the impaired lakes, the top types of pollution were: Nutrients (problematic in 50% of impaired waters). Nutrient pollution occurs when excess nitrogen and phosphorus make their way into a lake. These elements are then picked up by algae, allowing them to grow rapidly to the detriment of the aquatic ecosystem. Overabundant cyanobacterial algae blooms can lead to toxin build-up, oxygen level drops, fish kills, and poor conditions for recreation. Nutrient pollution and the subsequent algae blooms are to blame for Toledo’s drinking water shortage in the summer of 2014. Nitrogen and phosphorus pollution comes from inefficient sewage treatment systems and from some agricultural practices.Metals (42% of impaired waters). The two main culprits here are mercury and lead. Mercury accumulates in lakes mostly from atmospheric deposition of pollution coming from coal-fired power plants. Lead pollution is often the result of accumulated fishing tackle like sinkers and jig heads, and from lead shot in shotgun shells.Sediment (21% of impaired w aters). Fine-grained particles like silt and clay may occur naturally in the environment but when they enter lakes in large quantity, they become a serious pollution problem. Sediments come from the many ways soil can be eroded on land and carried into streams then lakes: erosion can originate from road construction, deforestation, or agricultural activities. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS; 19% of impaired waters). TDS measurements can be interpreted as how salty the water is, generally due to high concentrations of dissolved calcium, phosphates, sodium, chloride, or potassium. These elements most often enter the roadways as road salt, or in synthetic fertilizers. Where do these pollutants come from? When assessing the source of pollution for the impaired lakes, the following findings were reported: Agriculture (affecting 41% of impaired waters). Many agricultural practices contribute to lake water pollution, including soil erosion, manure and synthetic fertilizer management, and the use of pesticides,Hydrologic modifications (18% of impaired waters). These include the presence of dams and other flow regulation structures and dredging activities. Dams have extensive effects on a lake’s physical and chemical characteristics, and on aquatic ecosystems.Urban runoff and storm sewers (18% of impaired waters). Streets, parking lots, and rooftops are all impervious surfaces that do not allow water to percolate through. As a result, water runoff speeds up to storm drains and picks up sediments, heavy metals, oils, and other pollutants, and carries it into lakes. What Can You Do? Use soil erosion best practices whenever you disturb soil near a lake.Project lake shorelines on your property by preserving the natural vegetation. Replant shrubs and trees if needed. Avoid fertilizing your lawn close to a lake’s edge.Encourage the use of sustainable farming methods like cover crops and no-till farming. Talk to farmers at your local farmers market to find out more about their practices.Keep septic systems in good working order, and have regular inspections conducted.Encourage local authorities to use alternatives to road salt in winter.Consider your nutrient inputs from soaps and detergents, and reduce their use whenever possible.In your yard, slow down water runoff and allow it to be filtered by plants and soil. To accomplish this, establish rain gardens, and keep drainage ditches well vegetated. Use rain barrels to harvest roof runoff.Consider using pervious pavement in your driveway. These surfaces are designed to let water percolate into the soil below, p reventing runoff. Choose alternatives to lead when selecting fishing tackle.   Sources: EPA. 2000. National Lake Assessment Report. EPA. 2009. National Lake Assessment: A Collaborative Survey of the Nation’s Lakes.

History of the Nature Conservancy

History of the Nature Conservancy The Nature Conservancy joins forces with governments, non-profit organizations, local stakeholders, indigenous communities, corporate partners, and international organizations to find solutions to conservation challenges. Their conservation tactics include the protection of private lands, the creation of conservation-minded public policies, and the funding of conservation projects around the world. Among The Nature Conservancys more innovative conservation approaches is the debt-for-nature swaps. Such transactions ensure biodiversity conservation in exchange for debt owed by a developing country. Such debt-for-nature programs have been successful in many countries including Panama, Peru, and Guatemala. History The Nature Conservancy was formed in 1951 by a group of scientists who wanted to take direct action to save threatened natural areas around the world. In 1955, The Nature Conservancy acquired its first parcel of land, a 60-acre tract along the Mianus River Gorge which lies on the border of New York and Connecticut. That same year, the organization established the Land Preservation Fund, a conservation tool that is still used today by The Nature Conservancy to help provide funding for worldwide conservation efforts. In 1961, The Nature Conservancy formed a partnership with the Bureau of Land Management that was aimed at protecting old-growth forests in California. A gift from the Ford Foundation in 1965 made it possible for The Nature Conservancy to bring on its first full-time president. From that point on, The Nature Conservancy was in full swing. During the 1970s and 1980s, The Nature Conservancy setup key programs such as the Natural Heritage Network and the International Conservation Program. The Natural Heritage Network collects information about species distributions and natural communities throughout the United States. The International Conservation Program identifies key natural regions and conservation groups in Latin America. The Conservancy completed their first debt-for-nature swap to fund conservation work in Braulio Carillo National Park in 1988. During that same year, the Conservancy joined forces with the US Department of Defense to help manage 25 million acres of military land. In 1990, The Nature Conservancy launched a large-scale project called the Last Great Places Alliance, an effort aimed at saving entire ecosystems by protecting core reserves and establishing buffer zones around them. In 2001, The Nature Conservancy celebrated its 50th year anniversary. Also in 2001, they acquired Zumwalt Prairie Preserve, a protected area on the edge of Hells Canyon in Oregon. In 2001 through 2005, they purchased land in Colorado that would later form the Great Sand Dunes National Park and the Baca National Wildlife Refuge, as well as expand the Rio Grande National Forest. Most recently, the Conservancy organized the protection of 161,000 acres of forest in the Adirondacks of New York. They also recently negotiated a debt-for-nature swap to protect the tropical forest in Costa Rica.

American history after 1865 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

American history after 1865 - Coursework Example From this research it is clear that slavery was one of the traditions destroyed during the conflict. The tradition where whites especially in the southern society were keeping slaves without respecting their human rights came into destruction because of the conflict. The conflict also managed to destroy the deep-rooted belief of the Southern Whites that slaves would only work under compulsion. Several institutions including factories that were owned by Whites in large cities like Atlanta, Columbia and Richmond were set on fire. After the civil war, freed slaves managed to remain reluctant to settle down and form relationship with their former masters. However, some of them committed themselves to wage labor while others changed masters. Some of the freed slaves were waiting to get land of their own as promised by the government. In order to survive, many of the ex-slaves managed to secure employment through contract labor system. The freed slaves also managed to create institutions t hat they were denied during the slavery era. Some of the institutions they managed to create include schools, churches and several fraternal. The Northerners managed to release many slaves. Some of them went to the South to offer materialistic and humanitarian services. The Northern military was willing to set a military base for the freed men and women in the South. However, the Southerners were not ready to accept any help from the Northerners and the disagreement resulted into chaos. Therefore, the North was not successful in changing the Southern society. The North also did not manage to stop the issue of racial oppression in the Southern society (Divine et al. 477). The hailing prosperous of the Southern society remained unsuccessful and poor because of exploitation from the northern business interests (Divine et al. 471) 4.  Why was Northern interest in Southern reconstruction waning? The Northern interest in reconstruction waned because the South managed to create a strong opposition especially in the early 1870s. Heavy black turn in the elections of 1872 helped the Republicans to hold more powers and create a strong ruling foundation in most of the Southern states (Divine et al. 469). The Republican leaders were interested in industrial and western expansion as opposed to the Northerners. A series of laws were passed that favored the Southerners especially giving more power to its army. This contributed in waning of the Northern interest in Southern reconstruction. 5.  Why were the Redeemers able to take back the South? The redeemers managed to neglect the interest of white farmers who were in the South and this made many of the Whites to lose their farms. The Redeemers were interested in economic growth and development, which made them have significant support in the South. A third of the Redeemers were professional politicians and they had great experience in leadership that helped them to take back the south. The Redeemers also managed to rule o n two basic principles that helped in uniting the Southern planters through blocking the government from directly interfering in the economy (Divine et al. 471). Moreover, disputed elections of 1876 that led to a compromise in 1877 contributed in making the Redeemers take control of the South (Divine et al. 470). Part 2 1. Could a fair policy towards Native Americans been devised? It was possible to devise a fair policy towards Native Americans if only they agreed to comply with the policy. However, most of the Native American did not manage to comply with the set policies. For example, the concentration policy failed to last for long because the Indians broke boundaries while hunting buffalos (Divine et al. 485). 2. What impact did the frontier

International Migration Citizenship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Migration Citizenship - Essay Example For instance, Inflow of Migrants British is one of the variables that will be included in the analysis. Since we are interested in a possible existing relationship between the Inflow and the Outflow of Migrants across Citizenship given a specific year we will employ the correlation analysis and the trend analysis to reach our objective. It is worth mentioning here that the data that was extracted represents the years 1971 through 2001. The correlation analysis was created in SPSS versus the other tables that present the data in Excel. What we observe is the following: for all countries there is a strong positive correlation between the inflow and outflow of migrants. This denotes that the more migrants enter the country the more migrants exit the country. In the same context, but this time for the British Citizens, we notice that there is a moderate negative correlation between the inflow and the outflow of migrants; this suggests that the more migrants enter the UK the less migrants leave the UK. Regarding the Non-British citizens, we state that there is a very low negative correlation which does not impact either the inflow or outflow of the country considerably. We continue the correlation analysis for the inflow and outflow of the Commonwealth for the ALL, Old and New Variables; what we observe is that the Person correlation had very high positive values from .85 and above showing the number of migrants who enter the country is directly proportional with the number of migrants who decide to leave the Commonwealth. The same things goes for the Other Foreign migrants whose correlation is highly positive showing that the number of foreign migrants that enter are proportionate to the number of foreign migrants who leave the country. From the correlation analysis that we have done so far it is obvious that there exist a strong relationship between the inflow and the outflow of migrants for most of the variables except for the Non-British. We notice that there are